Lu A Cho N DOS Hay XP
Lu A Cho N DOS Hay XP >>>>> https://fancli.com/2t7qKG
Here are all the lowercase one-, two-, and three-letter shortcuts on Wikipedia. (Note that some of them might not be shortcuts at all, especially real words in the three-letter range.) Enable Popups to find out what they are by hovering over them.
This table of file signatures (aka "magic numbers") is a continuing work-in-progress. I had found little information on this in a single place, with the exception of the table in Forensic Computing: A Practitioner's Guide by T. Sammes & B. Jenkinson (Springer, 2000); that was my inspiration to start this list in 2002. See also Wikipedia's List of file signatures. Comments, additions, and queries can be sent to Gary Kessler at gck@garykessler.net.
This list is not exhaustive although I add new files as I find them or someone contributes signatures. Interpret the table as a one-way function: the magic number generally indicates the file type whereas the file type does not always have the given magic number. If you want to know to what a particular file extension refers, check out some of these sites:
My software utility page contains a custom signature file based upon this list, for use with FTK, Scalpel, Simple Carver, Simple Carver Lite, and TrID. There is also a raw CSV file and JSON file of signatures.
Tim Coakley's Filesig.co.uk site, with Filesig Manager and Simple Carver. Also, see Tim's SQLite Database Catalog page, "a repository of information used to identify specific SQLite databases and properties for research purposes."
The National Archives' PRONOM site provides on-line information about data file formats and their supporting software products, as well as their multi-platform DROID (Digital Record Object Identification) software.
The following individuals have given me updates or suggestions for this list over the years: Devon Ackerman, Nazim Aliyev, Marco Barbieri, Vladimir Benko, Arvin Bhatnagar, Jim Blackson, Keith Blackwell, Sam Brothers, David Burton, Alex Caithness, Erik Campeau, Björn Carlin, Tim Carver, Michael D Cavalier, Per Christensson, Oscar Choi, JMJ.Conseil, Jesse Cooper, Jesse Corwin, Mike Daniels, Cornelis de Groot, Jeffrey Duggan, Tony Duncan, Jon Eldridge, Ehsan Elhampour, Jean-Pierre Fiset, Peter Almer Frederiksen, Tim Gardner, Chris Griffith, Linda Grody, Andis Grosšteins, Paulo Guzmán, Rich Hanes, George Harpur, Brian High, Eric Huber, John Hughes, Allan Jensen, Broadus Jones, Matthew Kelly, Axel Kesseler, Nick Khor, Shane King, Art Kocsis, Thiemo Kreuz, Bill Kuhns, Evgenii Kustov, Andreas Kyrmegalos, Glenn Larsson, Jeremy Lloyd, Anand Mani, Kevin Mansell, Davyd McColl, Par Osterberg Medina, Michal, Sergey Miklin, David Millard, Bruce Modick, Lee Nelson, Mart Oskamp, Dan P., Jorge Paulhiac, Carlo Politi, Seth Polley, Hedley Quintana, Anthony Rabon, Stanley Rainey, Cory Redfern, Bruce Robertson, Ben Roeder, Thomas Rösner, Gerd, Röthig, Gaurav Sehgal, Andy Seitz, Anli Shundi, Erik Siers, Philip Smith, Mike Sutton, Matthias Sweertvaegher, Tobiasz Światlowski, Frank Thornton, Erik van de Burgwal, Øyvind Walding, Jason Wallace, Daniel Walton, Franklin Webber, Bernd Wechner, Douglas White, Mike Wilkinson, Gavin Williams, Sean Wolfinger, David Wright, Yuna, and Shaul Zevin. I thank them and apologize if I have missed anyone.
I would like to give particular thanks to Danny Mares of Mares and Company, author of the MaresWare Suite (primarily for the "subheaders" for many of the file types here), and the people at X-Ways Forensics for their permission to incorporate their lists of file signatures.
Finally, Dr. Nicole Beebe from The University of Texas at San Antonio posted samples of more than 32 file types at the Digital Corpora, which I used for verification and additional signatures. These files were used to develop the Sceadan File Type Classifier. The file samples can be downloaded from the Digital Corpora website.
All information on this page © 2002-document.write(new Date().getFullYear()), Gary C. Kessler. Permission to use the material here is extended to any of this page's visitors, as long as appropriate attribution is provided and the information is not altered in any way without express written permission of the author.
CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.
This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. © Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an exceptional public health crisis that demands the timely creation of new therapeutics and viral detection. Owing to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as powerful tools to treat and detect numerous diseases. Hence, many researchers have begun to urgently develop Ab-based kits for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Ab drugs for use as COVID-19 therapeutic agents. The detailed structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is known, and since this protein is key for viral infection, its receptor-binding domain (RBD) has become a major target for therapeutic Ab development. Because SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus with a high mutation rate, especially under the selective pressure of aggressively deployed prophylactic vaccines and neutralizing Abs, the use of Ab cocktails is expected to be an important strategy for effective COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection may stimulate an overactive immune response, resulting in a cytokine storm that drives severe disease progression. Abs to combat cytokine storms have also been under intense development as treatments for COVID-19. In addition to their use as drugs, Abs are currently being utilized in SARS-CoV-2 detection tests, including antigen and immunoglobulin tests. Such Ab-based detection tests are crucial surveillance tools that can be used to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Herein, we highlight some key points regarding mAb-based detection tests and treatments for the COVID-19 pandemic.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the result of widespread infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to other highly transmissible viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, and it represents an unprecedented challenge to global public health [1]. Most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience mild to moderate respiratory illness similar to influenza or other virus infections, with symptoms such as fever, dry cough, and dyspnea. However, a considerable number of infected people develop pneumonia and acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); these conditions are closely associated with the relatively high mortality rate of COVID-19 [2]. Some patients also exhibit pulmonary alveolitis, bronchiolitis, accumulation of mucus and edema fluid, and different degrees of inflammation marked by infiltration of various immune cells into the pulmonary interstitium [3, 4].
Over the past year, extraordinary biomedical and financial resources have been devoted to the rapid development of diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic measures for this single disease. Due to their high specificity and versatility, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are at the fore of all three of these battlefronts in the fight against COVID-19. Recently, therapeutic mAbs have become essential tools to defeat various diseases, including virus infections, based on their abilities to prevent disease progression immediately after administration and to speed up recovery, regardless of whether the patient has fully developed immunity [11].
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the betacoronavirus genus. As with other viruses in this genus, several critical points in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 can potentially be targeted and blocked by mAbs, making mAbs promising prophylactic and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. The first critical point is when the virus S protein binds to a host cell receptor, such as ACE2 [12] or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) [13]. After the initial binding event, host proteases, such as furin, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L, cleave the head of S protein, transforming it into a spring-like structure; this action allows the viral membrane to fuse with the host membrane and enables direct cell surface entry or via endosome by endocytosis [14, 15]. Once the virus enters the host cell, its RNA is translated and the innate immune response is immediately induced via host expression of type I/III interferon, chemokines and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [6, 16, 17]. Upon continued viral replication, the cytokine levels may keep rising, leading to severe tissue damage and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in some patients [18]. Thus, therapeutic Abs that inhibit the biological activities of cytokines may alleviate the harmful effects of over-stimulated host immune response and serve as treatments for COVID-19 [19,20,21,22,23].
More than half of all people with SARS-CoV-2 infection have no symptoms; however, they may still be contagious in the asymptomatic state [24,25,26]. Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that emerged in the United Kingdom (Alpha, B.1.1.7), South Africa (Beta, B.1.351), Brazil (Gamma, P.1) and India (Delta, B.1.617.2), have rapidly become dominant around the world and appear to display enhanced transmissibility and higher in-hospital mortality rates [27]. Moreover, B.1.1.529 was recently named Omicron and designated as a fifth variant of concern and by WHO after its emergence in South Africa [28]. Even more distressing, some other new SARS-CoV-2 variants that originally appeared in California (Epsilon, B.1.427 and B.1.429), Nigeria (Eta, B.1.525), New York (Iota, B.1.526), and India (Kappa, B.1.617.1 and Delta, B.1.617.2) are not only more transmissible but also exhibit reduced neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera [29]. Thus, in addition to vaccines and therapeutic Abs, effective and rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 variants are necessary for timely medical and public health decisions, such as who should be placed in quarantine or hospitalized to reduce uncontrolled transmission. Molecular tests based on viral antigens can be used to identify individuals with acute phase SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as control transmission when used in contact tracing, and allow for repeat testing in disease screening. Tests using Ab-antigen-formatted immunocomplexes are perhaps the most promising tools to accomplish this type of wide surveillance and control outbreaks of COVID-19. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the use of neutralizing mAbs for prophylaxis, treatment and viral detection for COVID-19, especially focusing on those mAbs that are prime clinical candidates and have received emergency use authorization (EUA). We also describe how antibodies (Abs) can neutralize the virus in terms of S protein binding and structure. Finally, we propose strategies to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic using therapeutic antibodies to overcome possible resistance of currently identified and potential mutants. The summarized information also provides insights into how therapeutic antibodies may be used against variants of SARS-CoV-2 in potential future pandemics. 2b1af7f3a8