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How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, April 10). Defense mechanisms. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.htmlif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'simplypsychology_org-leader-4','ezslot_20',816,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-leader-4-0');APA Style ReferencesFerenczi, S. (1933). Confusion of tongues between adults and the child (pp. 156-67).Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the mechanisms of defense, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 41-61.Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 157-185.Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. Pp. xi + 240.Paulhus, D. L., Fridhandler, B., & Hayes, S. (1997). Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 543-579). -012134645-4/50023-8Further InformationName the Defense Mechanism Activity BPS Article on Repression Exploring Ferenczi's Concept of Identification with the Aggressor: Its Role in Trauma, Everyday Life, and the Therapeutic Relationship Cramer, P. (2015). Understanding defense mechanisms. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 43(4), 523-552. Freudian Defense Mechanisms andEmpirical Findings in Modern SocialPsychology: Reaction Formation,Projection, Displacement, Undoing,Isolation, Sublimation, and Denial Defense Mechanisms Summary Table Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research Related ArticlesPsychodynamic Approach Id, Ego, Superego Psychosexual Stages Sigmund Freud Unconscious MindOedipus Complex Download this article as a PDFHow to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, April 10). Defense mechanisms. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.htmlvar domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org"function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}

Our results are generally in line with research that links mature defenses, i.e. accommodation, with secure attachment (Simeon et al. 2007) and immature defenses, i.e. assimilation, with insecure attachment (Cramer and Kelly 2010; Lopez 2001; Mikulincer and Horesh 1999). In a recent study using the Adult Attachment Interview, findings suggest that adult attachment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has an influence on the presence of alexithymic features (Barbasio and Granieri 2013). We postulate that emotion regulation difficulties associated with insecure attachment may inhibit the development of adaptive defense mechanisms, while secure attachment may facilitate the use of more mature defense mechanisms (Besharat and Khajavi 2013). It is also possible that insecure attachment is a developmental risk factor for consolidating maladaptive defense mechanisms, which convey the influence of attachment style on emotion regulation efficacy (Besharat and Khajavi 2013).

Here, we expand previous research by differentiating between intrapsychic and interpersonal defenses. Our results demonstrate striking connections between internal working models of the self and intrapsychic defense mechanisms, and internal working models of others and interpersonal defense mechanisms. We found attachment styles characterized by a negative self-image to be associated with intrapsychic assimilation. In other words, the view that one is unworthy of love and support was linked with internally focused maladaptive defense mechanisms. Likewise, attachment styles with positive self-image were significantly associated with intrapsychic accommodation, attachment characterized by a sense of worthiness of love and support was linked with internally focused adaptive defenses. This pattern was also found for interpersonal defenses: interpersonal assimilation was significantly associated with attachment styles characterized by a negative image of others; while interpersonal accommodation associated with attachment styles characterized by a positive view of others.

In the U.S., the term "defense mechanisms" is spelled with an 's' in defense. However, in other areas of the world, it is spelled with a 'c.' If you live in the U.K., for instance, the spelling is "defence mechansms." So, you may see it spelled either way.

When people feel that they have been victims of unjust actions, they may defend the ego by comparing themselves to those worse off. Similarly, we may see similarities between ourselves and others in a better position to improve our self image. These defense mechanisms are known as download or upward social comparisons. For example, a man who has broken a leg and confined to a wheelchair may make a downwards social comparison with a person who has been diagnosed with a more serious condition to make their own situation seem less troublesome. Alternatively, a person might seek to identify with a person of a perceived higher social position, such as when they learn that a celebrity is eating at the same restaurant as they are. 2b1af7f3a8